Surface and elemental analysis of stainless-steel needles after invasive physiotherapy: an exploratory scanning electron microscopy (SEM) study

Sci Rep. 2026 Jul 15. doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-57733-6. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT This study evaluated the safety and chemical variations of stainless-steel needles during human tissue application using four electrical stimulation modalities: high-intensity and low-intensity direct current, microcurrents, and compensated biphasic waves. Structural changes and surface integrity of three needle types were also analyzed via […]