#73535
Stephanie
Participant

    Yes, you are safe to needle the paravertebral level in the cervical and lumbar spine with history of a spinal fusion. You are correct, in the event of a laminectomy, you would want to shorten the needle length. If the patient does not know the nature of their surgery, a shorter needle length is appropriate. Also, ENS would be a contraindication in these areas secondary to the hardware.